Back in April of this year an article I wrote, Pro-revolutionaries and trade unions, was published in the anarchist zine Mutiny. The article was in response to an argument that had arisen amongst members of the Workers Solidarity Network (WSN). At the time I was a member of the network. I resigned from the WSN shortly after the publication of my article due to my disagreement with the WSN’s strategy in an industrial dispute amongst bus drivers in Canberra.
My article was an attempt to address what I consider the false idea that trade unions, either now or in the past, have a revolutionary ‘essence’ that has been corrupted or diverted for whatever reason—whether by seemingly impersonal historical forces or greedy spineless bureaucrats. I offered an argument that pointed to the origins of trade unions in the struggle of workers to both regulate the working day and gain access to better wages and conditions. Because unions originated in this struggle, I reasoned that if there is to be such an ‘essence’ it would be related to the struggle to regulate capitalist social relations rather than do away with them. For such struggles to become revolutionary in the sense of doing away with capitalism, workers would need to break from struggles around the wage and waged-work—that is break from such an historical essence rather than ‘realise’ it. To argue as many in the WSN do, that trade unions are essentially revolutionary or could be made so, is not only to trade in dubious abstractions, but also disarms people in the face of the difficult intellectual and material struggle that is required to foster potentially revolutionary practices.
One need only look to Greece and France to see the stifling role of trade unions under conditions of heightened class conflict, let alone the relatively low levels of conflict currently in Australia.
In the June issue Lindsay Hawkins responded to my article, and defended the idea of trade unions being essentially radical or revolutionary. I wrote one response for the September issue of Mutiny, but it was not published in that issue as I apparently submitted it too late. So I re-wrote it entirely for the October issue. Sadly the October issue has yet to appear. Below is the article I submitted for that issue of Mutiny.
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Against capital; against work
In Mutiny # 51 Lindsay Hawkins wrote a piece called ‘Radical Unionism’ which was a response to my article ‘Pro-revolutionaries and trade unions’ in Mutiny # 49. Against the general line of my article he wrote ‘that unions have revolutionary potential and that workers should not automatically reject involvement in trade union activity.’ In particular Lindsay proposes the Workers Solidarity Network as a possible practice to the end of ‘radical unionism.’
I certainly wrote that ‘I have argued that comrades should not be involved in trade unions.’ I do argue such and I continue to. But as we know context is everything, and the context in this case is what I wrote immediately after this quotation:
we should not view trade unions as examples of working class self-organisation against capital. Rather trade unions are emblematic of one way that capital organises labour – obviously there are other ways that capital organises labour from more ‘democratic’ methods right through to terroristic and dictatorial methods. In essence my point was to clarify that working class self-organisation against capital and trade unions are not synonymous.
Perhaps I should have been clearer in my earlier piece. Rather than writing ‘comrades should not be involved in trade unions’ I should have written ‘comrades involved in trade unions will find they cannot act in a pro-revolutionary fashion unless they directly confront the pro-capitalist nature of trade unionism.’ And here is the real essence of my argument. I am not opposed to nor would I suggest that we should not struggle for a better deal in regards to the rate which capitalists exploit our labour-power. However the transformation of such struggles over the rate of exploitation, struggles that necessary accept the capitalist logic of this exploitation, will necessitate a break with such struggles. This was the point of quoting Marx:
Instead of the conservative motto, “A fair day’s wage for a fair day’s work!” they ought to inscribe on their banner the revolutionary watchword, “Abolition of the wages system!”
Marx was clear that a break from merely economic struggles was required for struggles to become revolutionary. And we should remember that in 1865 when he was writing, working class self-organisation had not been formalised in relation to individual capitals and the state to the extent to which it has been since. One need only conjure the Accord process presided over by the ACTU in the 1980s and 90s to understand what I mean by such a formalisation.
The only way pro-revolutionists can engage with trade unions is negatively. This is not a call for an all out war with trade unions and their supposed compromised leadership. Rather it is a call for patient and considered work, necessarily theoretical and practical, which attempts to demonstrate on the one hand the limitations of trade unions and on the other hand why workers need to go beyond trade union organisation and ultimately capitalist work itself in order to be finally done with the see-saw of class struggle.
In order to understand this better we need to grapple with the history and development of trade unions. In his article Lindsey writes that trade unions have a revolutionary history and a revolutionary potential. However by emphasising a spurious revolutionary history for trade unions he misses and obscures the real object of such a history: those people that have carried out revolutionary struggles against their reduction to being mere working class material for capital. And if there is a central point to my argument than it is this. As I wrote in my earlier Mutiny piece: ‘my point was to clarify that working class self-organisation against capital and trade unions are not synonymous.’ And it is this point that Lindsay fails to engage with as he conflates trade union struggles with self-conscious struggles against capitalist society. Our mistake would be to go on pretending that a project of emancipation can be based upon radicalising economic struggles for bigger cages with golden bars. This is something Marx clearly understood when he wrote 150 years ago, ‘to clamour for equal or even equitable retribution on the basis of the wages system is the same as to clamour for freedom on the basis of the slavery system.’
This is not to suggest that we either struggle for better wages and conditions or we struggle for the overthrow of capital and wage-slavery. That would be to pose a false dichotomy. Rather in organising and fighting for better wages and conditions we need to clearly demonstrate the limitations of such struggles and why we need to move beyond this horizon.
The revolutionary significance of economic struggles is precisely not their apparent content: wages and conditions. And this is not to denigrate the struggles we fight in order to get access to a wage and more human conditions at work. Rather it is to point out that the real gain of such struggles is the creation and experience of new needs that point beyond particular wage struggles. We create bonds of solidarity with other people. Such a perspective that looks beyond capital and beyond wage slavery is in danger of being lost by Lindsay when he writes of ‘our unions’ and ‘our allegiance […] to our class.’ What is ‘our’ class? To be a wage-slave is not something to be proud of; rather it is a misery. It is through our resistance to being reduced to mere working class material for capital that we open up possibilities beyond wage-slavery. It is through our struggles against the artificially imposed need to sell our ability to work that we begin to understand and create the conditions for lives beyond wage-slavery. Thus any dignity we gain is not through simply identifying ourselves as working class; rather it is in and through the communities of solidarity that we help to create when we struggle against our atomisation and reduction to mere labour-power for sale.
Productive activity in contemporary capitalist societies is work which produces a commodity—whether a thing or a service—that is sold for a profit. Capitalist work, through the complexity of its various fragmentary divisions, hierarchical organisation and bureaucratic management, is the result of the vast class struggles fought over the last few centuries; class struggles waged by the early capitalist class to convert and destroy older forms of productive activity in order to fashion a peculiarly capitalist version of work organised around commodity production. Today there is no essentially life affirming productive activity hidden behind the mask of wage labour, there is just work; a planet organised around the artificial ‘need’ for a wage and market relations. If there is something to be celebrated amongst all of this it is those practices which we develop in order to resist the conversion of all of life into work for capital; whether producing or consuming commodities. It is this world of work that we need to liberate ourselves from.
Trade unions originated in the struggle over the regulation of the working day—that is the struggle over the rate of exploitation and the wages received for this exploitation. Because trade unions originated in the struggle of people to just simply live on the terms given them by the capitalist organisation of life, trade unions have been shaped and determined overwhelmingly by capitalist society. And it is this tendency to limit working class struggle to merely negotiating the terms of its exploitation under capital that has driven workers to confront unions time and again—even and especially when these struggles have begun as union struggles.
When Lindsay cites the IWW around the First World War, the Spanish CNT of 1936-39 and the NSW BLF in the 1970s as examples of revolutionary trade unionism, he fails to provide either a historical context for their practices—e.g. the heightened class struggle in the societies of those times—or the actual limits of trade unionism that these workers and organisations came up against. To cite only one of the more glaring instances, the NSW BLF met one of these limits in the form of the federal leadership of the union under Norm Gallagher cooperating with the Australian state in order to undermine and smash what was considered a rogue branch.
Undoubtedly any move toward organising independently of trade unions, the state and capital should be encouraged and pushed. Here Lindsay and I can agree that the formation of a Workers Solidarity Network is a good thing. Where we differ is in how best to push forward such autonomous organising. Without clear arguments that, on the one hand attempt to understand the limits of struggles within capitalist society, and on the other hand demonstrate why such struggles must confront these limits, we will merely contribute to the disarming of those of us struggling for a world beyond capital and wage-labour.
Anthony Hayes
Canberra